631 UXUS97 KPUB 211302 SRGPUB Soaring Forecast National Weather Service Pueblo, Colorado 0702 MDT Saturday, September 21, 2019 This forecast is for Saturday, September 21, 2019: If the trigger temperature of 61.8 F/16.6 C is reached...then Thermal Soaring Index....................... Good Maximum rate of lift........................ 1280 ft/min (6.5 m/s) Maximum height of thermals.................. 21232 ft MSL (13630 ft AGL) Forecast maximum temperature................... 76.0 F/24.9 C Time of trigger temperature.................... 0930 MDT Time of overdevelopment........................ None Middle/high clouds during soaring window....... None Surface winds during soaring window............ Between 20 mph and 30 mph Height of the -3 thermal index................. 16768 ft MSL (9166 ft AGL) Thermal soaring outlook for Sunday 09/22....... Excellent Wave Soaring Index............................. Not available Remarks... Sunrise/Sunset.................... 06:46:10 / 18:58:35 MDT Total possible sunshine........... 12 hr 12 min 25 sec (732 min 25 sec) Altitude of sun at 12:52:22 MDT... 51.57 degrees Upper air data from numerical model forecast valid on 09/21/2019 at 0600 MDT Freezing level.................. 13364 ft MSL (5762 ft AGL) Convective condensation level... 19673 ft MSL (12071 ft AGL) Lifted condensation level....... 20342 ft MSL (12740 ft AGL) Lifted index.................... -1.3 K index......................... +2.1 Height Temperature Wind Wind Spd Lapse Rate ConvectionT Thermal Lift Rate ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft deg C deg F Index fpm m/s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50000 -58.9 -74.0 235 27 14 1.1 0.6 M M M M M 45000 -56.7 -70.1 235 42 22 3.1 1.7 M M M M M 40000 -51.8 -61.2 235 49 25 2.8 1.5 M M M M M 38000 -50.4 -58.7 235 44 23 2.3 1.3 M M M M M 36000 -49.1 -56.4 235 39 20 2.3 1.2 M M M M M 34000 -46.4 -51.5 235 34 18 6.2 3.4 M M M M M 32000 -42.7 -44.9 230 31 16 6.2 3.4 M M M M M 30000 -38.3 -36.9 230 28 14 8.5 4.7 30.1 86.2 4.4 M M 29000 -35.7 -32.3 230 27 14 8.5 4.7 29.6 85.3 4.0 M M 28000 -33.1 -27.6 230 27 14 8.5 4.7 29.2 84.6 3.8 M M 27000 -30.6 -23.1 230 26 13 8.0 4.4 28.7 83.6 3.4 M M 26000 -28.2 -18.8 230 26 13 8.0 4.4 27.9 82.3 2.8 M M 25000 -25.8 -14.4 230 26 13 8.0 4.4 27.3 81.2 2.4 M M 24000 -22.9 -9.2 230 25 13 7.6 4.2 26.5 79.7 1.7 M M 23000 -20.6 -5.1 230 25 13 7.7 4.2 25.7 78.3 1.0 M M 22000 -18.3 -0.9 230 25 13 7.7 4.2 25.0 77.0 0.4 M M 21000 -16.1 3.0 230 24 12 7.6 4.2 24.3 75.7 -0.2 1249 6.3 20000 -13.8 7.2 230 23 12 7.7 4.2 23.5 74.3 -0.9 1151 5.8 19500 -12.7 9.1 230 23 12 7.7 4.2 23.2 73.7 -1.2 1102 5.6 19000 -11.5 11.3 230 23 12 7.7 4.2 22.9 73.2 -1.5 1053 5.3 18500 -10.3 13.5 230 22 11 7.7 4.2 22.5 72.5 -1.8 1003 5.1 18000 -9.2 15.4 230 22 11 7.8 4.3 22.2 71.9 -2.1 953 4.8 17500 -8.0 17.6 230 22 11 7.3 4.0 21.8 71.3 -2.5 904 4.6 17000 -6.9 19.6 235 21 11 7.4 4.0 21.4 70.6 -2.8 856 4.3 16500 -5.9 21.4 235 21 11 6.3 3.4 21.0 69.8 -3.2 809 4.1 16000 -5.0 23.0 240 20 10 5.8 3.2 20.3 68.6 -3.9 770 3.9 15500 -4.2 24.4 240 19 10 5.6 3.1 19.7 67.4 -4.6 730 3.7 15000 -3.5 25.7 245 18 9 5.2 2.8 18.9 66.1 -5.4 694 3.5 14500 -2.8 27.0 245 17 9 5.1 2.8 18.2 64.8 -6.2 658 3.3 14000 -1.7 28.9 250 16 8 9.4 5.2 17.8 64.1 -6.6 612 3.1 13500 -0.4 31.3 250 14 7 9.0 4.9 17.7 63.9 -6.8 557 2.8 13000 1.0 33.8 255 13 7 10.2 5.6 17.7 63.8 -6.9 500 2.5 12500 2.4 36.3 255 11 6 8.7 4.8 17.6 63.7 -7.0 443 2.3 12000 3.6 38.5 250 9 5 7.5 4.1 17.4 63.3 -7.2 391 2.0 11750 4.2 39.6 255 9 4 7.2 3.9 17.2 63.0 -7.4 367 1.9 11500 4.8 40.6 255 8 4 8.1 4.5 17.0 62.7 -7.6 343 1.7 11250 5.4 41.7 260 6 3 8.4 4.6 16.9 62.5 -7.7 316 1.6 11000 6.0 42.8 260 5 3 7.4 4.1 16.8 62.2 -7.9 291 1.5 10750 6.5 43.7 265 5 2 7.0 3.8 16.6 61.8 -8.1 268 1.4 10500 7.1 44.8 270 4 2 7.6 4.2 16.4 61.5 -8.3 244 1.2 10250 7.7 45.9 275 3 2 8.9 4.9 16.3 61.3 -8.5 218 1.1 10000 8.3 46.9 285 3 1 8.3 4.6 16.2 61.2 -8.5 191 1.0 9750 8.9 48.0 295 2 1 7.6 4.2 16.0 60.9 -8.7 166 0.8 9500 9.5 49.1 315 2 1 7.3 4.0 15.9 60.6 -8.9 141 0.7 9250 10.1 50.2 345 1 1 9.4 5.1 15.7 60.3 -9.1 117 0.6 9000 10.8 51.4 010 1 1 9.4 5.2 15.8 60.4 -9.1 87 0.4 8750 11.4 52.5 025 2 1 6.8 3.7 15.6 60.1 -9.3 62 0.3 8500 11.9 53.4 035 2 1 8.9 4.9 15.4 59.8 -9.5 38 0.2 8250 12.5 54.5 040 2 1 3.1 1.7 15.3 59.5 -9.7 14 0.1 8000 12.1 53.8 035 2 1 -13.9 -7.6 14.2 57.5 -10.8 18 0.1 7750 10.6 51.1 005 2 1 -25.2 -13.8 11.9 53.3 -13.1 58 0.3 7500 M M M M M M M M M M M M 7250 M M M M M M M M M M M M 7000 M M M M M M M M M M M M 6750 M M M M M M M M M M M M * * * * * * Numerical weather prediction model forecast data valid * * * * * * 09/21/2019 at 0900 MDT | 09/21/2019 at 1200 MDT | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +3.3 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +2.6 CINH... 0.0 K Index... +5.0 | CINH... 0.0 K Index... +5.1 | Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50000 -59.4 -74.9 240 26 14 1.1 0.6 | -60.1 -76.2 240 29 15 1.1 0.6 45000 -56.9 -70.4 240 41 21 3.3 1.8 | -57.7 -71.9 240 44 23 3.9 2.1 40000 -51.9 -61.4 235 46 24 3.3 1.8 | -51.6 -60.9 235 49 25 3.6 2.0 38000 -50.1 -58.2 235 43 22 2.9 1.6 | -49.5 -57.1 235 47 24 3.4 1.9 36000 -48.4 -55.1 235 39 20 2.9 1.6 | -47.5 -53.5 230 44 23 3.4 1.9 34000 -45.7 -50.3 235 36 19 6.0 3.3 | -44.6 -48.3 230 41 21 5.9 3.2 32000 -41.7 -43.1 235 33 17 5.9 3.3 | -41.1 -42.0 230 38 20 5.9 3.2 30000 -37.3 -35.1 230 30 16 8.2 4.5 | -37.0 -34.6 230 35 18 7.8 4.3 29000 -34.9 -30.8 230 29 15 8.2 4.5 | -34.6 -30.3 230 34 18 7.8 4.3 28000 -32.4 -26.3 230 28 14 8.2 4.5 | -32.3 -26.1 230 33 17 7.8 4.3 27000 -30.1 -22.2 230 27 14 7.7 4.2 | -30.0 -22.0 230 32 16 7.3 4.0 26000 -27.8 -18.0 230 27 14 7.7 4.2 | -27.9 -18.2 230 30 16 7.3 4.0 25000 -25.5 -13.9 230 26 13 7.7 4.2 | -25.1 -13.2 230 29 15 7.3 4.0 24000 -23.2 -9.8 230 26 13 7.5 4.1 | -22.9 -9.2 230 27 14 7.6 4.2 23000 -21.0 -5.8 230 26 13 7.5 4.1 | -20.6 -5.1 230 26 13 7.6 4.2 22000 -18.8 -1.8 235 25 13 7.5 4.1 | -18.3 -0.9 235 25 13 7.6 4.2 21000 -16.6 2.1 235 25 13 7.2 4.0 | -16.1 3.0 235 24 12 7.6 4.2 20000 -13.9 7.0 235 24 12 7.3 4.0 | -13.8 7.2 235 24 12 7.6 4.2 19500 -12.9 8.8 235 24 12 7.3 4.0 | -12.6 9.3 235 23 12 7.6 4.2 19000 -11.8 10.8 235 23 12 7.5 4.1 | -11.5 11.3 240 23 12 7.4 4.1 18500 -10.7 12.7 240 23 12 7.6 4.2 | -10.4 13.3 240 23 12 7.3 4.0 18000 -9.5 14.9 240 22 11 7.6 4.2 | -9.3 15.3 240 22 11 7.3 4.0 17500 -8.4 16.9 240 21 11 8.1 4.4 | -8.3 17.1 240 22 11 7.2 3.9 17000 -7.1 19.2 240 21 11 8.1 4.5 | -7.2 19.0 240 21 11 7.2 4.0 16500 -6.0 21.2 240 20 10 6.6 3.6 | -6.2 20.8 245 20 10 6.6 3.6 16000 -5.1 22.8 245 19 10 6.2 3.4 | -5.3 22.5 245 19 10 6.2 3.4 15500 -4.2 24.4 245 18 9 5.3 2.9 | -4.3 24.3 245 18 9 5.7 3.2 15000 -3.6 25.5 245 17 9 3.9 2.1 | -3.7 25.3 250 16 8 4.4 2.4 14500 -3.1 26.4 250 16 8 4.3 2.3 | -3.1 26.4 250 14 7 4.4 2.4 14000 -2.2 28.0 250 14 7 7.9 4.4 | -2.2 28.0 250 11 6 8.4 4.6 13500 -1.1 30.0 250 13 6 7.4 4.1 | -1.0 30.2 245 9 5 7.9 4.3 13000 0.2 32.4 250 11 6 10.2 5.6 | 0.3 32.5 240 7 4 10.1 5.6 12500 1.5 34.7 250 10 5 8.3 4.6 | 1.6 34.9 235 6 3 7.7 4.2 12000 2.8 37.0 250 9 5 7.9 4.3 | 2.8 37.0 230 5 3 8.0 4.4 11750 3.3 37.9 250 8 4 7.8 4.3 | 3.4 38.1 220 5 2 8.0 4.4 11500 3.9 39.0 250 7 4 8.8 4.8 | 4.0 39.2 215 4 2 9.4 5.2 11250 4.6 40.3 250 7 3 8.6 4.7 | 4.8 40.6 205 4 2 9.9 5.4 11000 5.2 41.4 250 6 3 7.1 3.9 | 5.5 41.9 200 4 2 8.8 4.8 10750 5.7 42.3 250 5 3 6.5 3.6 | 6.1 43.0 195 4 2 8.2 4.5 10500 6.2 43.2 245 4 2 7.8 4.3 | 6.7 44.1 190 4 2 9.6 5.3 10250 6.9 44.4 240 3 2 8.9 4.9 | 7.5 45.5 185 4 2 11.9 6.5 10000 7.5 45.5 225 3 1 7.0 3.9 | 8.4 47.1 180 4 2 10.5 5.8 9750 7.9 46.2 200 2 1 5.8 3.2 | 9.1 48.4 180 4 2 9.2 5.1 9500 8.3 46.9 175 3 1 6.7 3.7 | 9.8 49.6 180 4 2 9.3 5.1 9250 8.8 47.8 155 3 2 4.3 2.4 | 10.5 50.9 175 4 2 10.2 5.6 9000 9.0 48.2 145 4 2 4.5 2.5 | 11.3 52.3 175 4 2 10.7 5.9 8750 9.5 49.1 135 4 2 7.1 3.9 | 12.1 53.8 175 4 2 10.1 5.5 8500 9.9 49.8 125 4 2 6.1 3.3 | 12.9 55.2 170 4 2 9.8 5.4 8250 10.4 50.7 120 5 2 8.0 4.4 | 13.6 56.5 170 4 2 11.7 6.4 8000 11.2 52.2 115 4 2 13.0 7.1 | 14.7 58.5 170 4 2 19.1 10.5 7750 12.3 54.1 110 3 1 16.5 9.0 | 16.4 61.5 170 4 2 25.2 13.8 7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M 7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M 7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M 6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M 09/21/2019 at 1500 MDT | 09/21/2019 at 1800 MDT | CAPE... +16.1 LI... +0.3 | CAPE... +27.7 LI... -0.1 CINH... 0.0 K Index... +18.8 | CINH... -42.3 K Index... +18.4 | Height Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate | Temperature Wnd WndSpd Lapse Rate ft MSL deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft | deg C deg F Dir kt m/s C/km F/kft -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50000 -60.4 -76.7 235 29 15 1.2 0.6 | -60.4 -76.7 240 28 14 1.3 0.7 45000 -57.5 -71.5 240 47 24 4.3 2.4 | -57.4 -71.3 240 47 24 4.5 2.5 40000 -51.0 -59.8 230 53 27 4.1 2.2 | -50.6 -59.1 230 55 28 4.3 2.4 38000 -48.9 -56.0 230 52 27 3.5 1.9 | -48.3 -54.9 230 53 28 3.8 2.1 36000 -46.8 -52.2 225 50 26 3.5 1.9 | -46.0 -50.8 230 52 27 3.8 2.1 34000 -44.1 -47.4 225 47 24 5.5 3.0 | -43.3 -45.9 225 50 26 5.3 2.9 32000 -40.3 -40.5 230 44 23 5.5 3.0 | -39.7 -39.5 225 47 24 5.3 2.9 30000 -36.3 -33.3 230 41 21 7.6 4.2 | -36.2 -33.2 230 43 22 6.4 3.5 29000 -34.0 -29.2 230 40 21 7.6 4.2 | -34.2 -29.6 230 42 21 6.4 3.5 28000 -31.8 -25.2 230 39 20 7.6 4.2 | -32.3 -26.1 230 40 21 6.4 3.5 27000 -29.6 -21.3 230 37 19 6.9 3.8 | -30.4 -22.7 235 38 19 6.4 3.5 26000 -27.6 -17.7 230 35 18 6.9 3.8 | -28.5 -19.3 235 35 18 6.4 3.5 25000 -25.5 -13.9 230 33 17 6.9 3.8 | -26.6 -15.9 240 32 17 6.4 3.5 24000 -23.5 -10.3 235 32 16 6.6 3.6 | -24.7 -12.5 240 29 15 6.4 3.5 23000 -21.5 -6.7 235 30 15 6.6 3.6 | -22.9 -9.2 240 25 13 6.4 3.5 22000 -19.6 -3.3 240 28 14 6.6 3.6 | -21.0 -5.8 245 20 10 6.5 3.6 21000 -17.6 0.3 240 25 13 7.0 3.9 | -18.8 -1.8 245 17 9 8.6 4.7 20000 -15.5 4.1 240 23 12 7.1 3.9 | -15.6 3.9 240 13 7 8.6 4.7 19500 -13.9 7.0 245 21 11 7.2 3.9 | -14.4 6.1 240 12 6 8.6 4.7 19000 -12.9 8.8 245 20 10 7.6 4.2 | -13.1 8.4 235 10 5 8.8 4.8 18500 -11.8 10.8 245 18 9 7.8 4.3 | -11.8 10.8 235 10 5 8.8 4.8 18000 -10.6 12.9 245 16 8 8.0 4.4 | -10.5 13.1 235 10 5 8.8 4.8 17500 -9.5 14.9 250 14 7 8.5 4.7 | -9.1 15.6 235 10 5 9.5 5.2 17000 -8.2 17.2 250 12 6 8.4 4.6 | -7.7 18.1 230 10 5 9.4 5.2 16500 -7.0 19.4 250 11 5 9.1 5.0 | -6.3 20.7 230 9 5 9.4 5.2 16000 -5.6 21.9 250 9 5 9.3 5.1 | -5.0 23.0 230 9 5 9.4 5.2 15500 -4.2 24.4 250 8 4 9.1 5.0 | -3.6 25.5 230 9 4 9.3 5.1 15000 -2.9 26.8 250 7 4 8.7 4.8 | -2.2 28.0 225 8 4 9.2 5.1 14500 -1.6 29.1 245 6 3 8.7 4.8 | -0.8 30.6 220 8 4 9.2 5.1 14000 -0.3 31.5 240 5 3 8.9 4.9 | 0.5 32.9 220 8 4 9.1 5.0 13500 1.0 33.8 230 4 2 8.8 4.8 | 1.9 35.4 215 8 4 8.9 4.9 13000 2.4 36.3 220 4 2 9.5 5.2 | 3.3 37.9 210 8 4 10.3 5.6 12500 3.7 38.7 205 4 2 9.1 5.0 | 4.6 40.3 205 8 4 8.0 4.4 12000 5.0 41.0 190 4 2 8.2 4.5 | 5.8 42.4 200 8 4 7.1 3.9 11750 5.7 42.3 185 4 2 8.5 4.7 | 6.3 43.3 200 8 4 7.3 4.0 11500 6.4 43.5 180 5 2 10.4 5.7 | 6.9 44.4 200 8 4 8.9 4.9 11250 7.2 45.0 175 5 2 10.5 5.8 | 7.6 45.7 195 8 4 9.2 5.1 11000 7.9 46.2 175 5 2 9.0 5.0 | 8.3 46.9 195 8 4 8.0 4.4 10750 8.5 47.3 175 5 3 8.4 4.6 | 8.8 47.8 190 8 4 7.4 4.1 10500 9.2 48.6 170 5 3 9.8 5.4 | 9.4 48.9 185 8 4 8.5 4.6 10250 10.0 50.0 170 5 3 11.4 6.3 | 10.1 50.2 185 8 4 9.9 5.4 10000 10.8 51.4 170 5 3 10.3 5.7 | 10.8 51.4 180 8 4 9.0 4.9 9750 11.5 52.7 170 5 3 9.6 5.3 | 11.4 52.5 180 8 4 8.3 4.6 9500 12.3 54.1 165 5 3 9.6 5.3 | 12.1 53.8 175 8 4 8.0 4.4 9250 13.0 55.4 165 5 3 10.3 5.7 | 12.7 54.9 175 8 4 9.7 5.3 9000 13.8 56.8 165 5 3 10.5 5.8 | 13.5 56.3 170 8 4 10.5 5.8 8750 14.5 58.1 165 5 3 9.9 5.5 | 14.2 57.6 170 8 4 9.4 5.2 8500 15.3 59.5 165 5 3 9.8 5.4 | 14.9 58.8 170 8 4 9.6 5.2 8250 16.0 60.8 160 6 3 10.9 6.0 | 15.6 60.1 165 8 4 10.1 5.5 8000 17.1 62.8 160 5 3 17.5 9.6 | 16.4 61.5 165 7 4 10.8 5.9 7750 18.6 65.5 160 5 3 25.0 13.7 | 17.2 63.0 165 6 3 9.9 5.4 7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M 7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M 7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M 6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M ________________________________________________________________________________ This product is issued twice per day, once by approximately 0630 MST/0730 MDT (1330 UTC). It is not continuously monitored nor updated after its initial issuance. The information contained herein is based on rawinsonde observation and/or numerical weather prediction model data taken near the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado at North Latitude: 38 deg 58 min 48.000 sec West Longitude: 104 deg 49 min 12.000 sec Elevation: 6572 feet (2003 meters) and may not be representative of other areas along the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Note that some elevations in numerical weather prediction models differ from actual station elevations, which can lead to data which appear to be below ground. Erroneous data such as these should not be used. The content and format of this report as well as the issuance times are subject to change without prior notice. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should be directed to one of the addresses or phone numbers shown at the bottom of this page. To expedite a response to comments, be sure to mention your interest in the soaring forecast. DEFINITIONS: CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) - An integrated measure of the energy available for convective development, also known as the positive area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. Larger values are indicative of greater instability and the possibility of stronger convective activity, including thunderstorms. Values around or greater than 1000 suggest the possibility of severe weather should convective activity develop. CIN (Convective Inhibition) - An integrated measure of the amount of energy needed to initiate convective activity, also known as the negative area on a thermodynamic diagram. Units are Joules per kilogram. The more negative this number, the more energy is required to initiate convection. This inhibitive energy can be overcome through surface heating, cooling aloft, lifting mechanisms (orographic, frontal, gravity waves, etc.) Convective Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the average saturation mixing ratio in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass, if heated sufficiently from below, will rise dry adiabatically until it just becomes saturated. It estimates the base of cumulus clouds that are produced by surface heating only. Convection Temperature (ConvectionT) - The surface temperature required to make the airmass dry adiabatic up to the given level. It can be considered a "trigger temperature" for that level. Freezing Level - The height where the temperature is zero degrees Celsius. Height of Stable Layer - The height (between 12,000 and 18,000 feet above mean sea level) where the smallest lapse rate exists. The location and existence of this feature is important in the generation of mountain waves. K Index - A measure of stability which combines the temperature difference between approximately 5,000 and 18,000 feet above the surface, the amount of moisture at approximately 5,000 feet above the surface, and a measure of the dryness at approximately 10,000 feet above the surface. Larger positive numbers indicate more instability and a greater likelihood of thunderstorm development. One interpretation of K index values regarding soaring in the western United States is given in WMO Technical Note 158 and is reproduced in the following table: below -10 no or weak thermals -10 to 5 dry thermals or 1/8 cumulus with moderate thermals 5 to 15 good soaring conditions 15 to 20 good soaring conditions with occasional showers 20 to 30 excellent soaring conditions, but increasing probability of showers and thunderstorms above 30 more than 60 percent probability of thunderstorms Lapse Rate - The change with height of the temperature. Negative values indicate inversions. Lifted Condensation Level - The height to which an air parcel possessing the average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass and the forecast maximum temperature must be lifted dry adiabatically to attain saturation. Lifted Index (LI) - The difference between the environmental temperature at a level approximately 18,000 feet above the surface and the temperature of an air parcel lifted dry adiabatically from the surface to its lifted condensation level and then pseudoadiabatically thereafter to this same level. The parcel's initial temperature is the forecast maximum temperature and its dew point is the average dew point in the lowest 4000 feet of the airmass. Negative values are indicative of instability with positive values showing stable conditions. Lift Rate - An experimental estimate of the strength of thermals. It is computed the same way as the maximum rate of lift but uses the actual level rather than the maximum height of thermals in the calculation. Also, none of the empirical adjustments based on cloudiness and K-index are applied to these calculations. Maximum Height of Thermals - The height where the dry adiabat through the forecast maximum temperature intersects the environmental temperature. Maximum Rate of Lift - An estimate of the maximum strength of thermals. It is computed from an empirical formula which combines the expected maximum height of thermals with the difference in the environmental temperatures between the maximum height of thermals and the temperature 4,000 feet above the ground. After this computation, further empirical adjustments are made based on the value of the K-index and the amount and opacity of middle and high level cloudiness expected between the time of trigger temperature and the time of overdevelopment. Middle/High Clouds - The amount and opacity of middle (altostratus, altocumulus) or high (cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus) clouds. Broken means that between 60% and 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud, with overcast conditions occurring when more than 90% of the sky is covered by the cloud. Thin implies that the clouds are predominantly transparent, meaning that some sunlight is reaching the ground, in contrast to opaque which suggests that little sunlight is reaching the ground. Potential Height of Wave - The minimum of the following two heights: 1. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists) where the wind direction changes by 30 degrees or more 2. Level above the height of stable layer (or 14,000 feet if none exists) where the wind speed no longer increases with height PVA/NVA - Positive vorticity advection (PVA)/negative vorticity advection (NVA) on the 500 millibar isobaric surface (approximately 18,000 feet above mean sea level). Weak PVA has been shown to assist in mountain wave soaring. Soaring Window - The time between the time the trigger temperature is reached and the time of overdevelopment. Thermal Index - The difference between the environmental temperature and the temperature at a particular level determined by following the dry adiabat through the forecast maximum temperature up to that level. Negative values are indicative of thermal lift. Thermal Soaring Index - An adjective rating (for sailplanes) based on the computed maximum rate of lift, and the wind speed and middle and high cloud cover expected during the soaring window (the time of the trigger temperature and the time of overdevelopment) according to the following: Maximum rate of lift Adjective Rating >= 800 fpm Excellent >= 400 and < 800 fpm Good >= 200 and < 400 fpm Fair < 200 fpm Poor Time of Overdevelopment - The time one or more of the following phenomena, which essentially shut off thermal lift, is expected to occur: 1. formation of broken to overcast convective cloud cover 2. formation of scattered to numerous downbursts 3. initiation of widespread precipitation Time of Trigger Temperature - The time the surface temperature is expected to reach the trigger temperature. Trigger Temperature - The surface temperature required to make the first 4000 feet of the atmosphere dry adiabatic. Wave Soaring Index - An empirical, adjective rating (for sailplanes) which attempts to combine a variety of phenomena important in mountain wave soaring into a single index number. Objective points are assigned to these phenomena: wind speed and direction at 14,000 ft MSL, the static stability in the 12,000-18,000 ft MSL layer, the wind speed gradient above the stable layer, jet stream location and frontal and upper trough movements. 042613