Warnings Valid at: 24 Apr 2024 04:35 AM CDT
AN
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 09:00 AM by OKX ()
Moriches Inlet NY to Montauk Point NY out 20 nm, Fire Island Inlet NY to Moriches Inlet NY out 20 nm, Sandy Hook NJ to Fire Island Inlet NY out 20 nm, in AN
VTEC# 48 (EXT)
Issued: 05:00 PM
Updated: 02:46 AM
 
AM
MD
Coastal Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 12:00 PM by LWX ()
Southern Baltimore, in MD
VTEC# 49 (CON)
Issued: 03:00 AM
Updated: 04:29 AM
 
MO
Dense Fog Advisory (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by PAH (KC)
Butler, Mississippi, Ripley, New Madrid, Carter, Stoddard, Scott, in MO
VTEC# 6 (EXA)
Issued: 02:54 AM
Updated: 02:54 AM
 
IL
Dense Fog Advisory (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by PAH (KC)
Alexander, Massac, Pulaski, in IL
VTEC# 6 (EXA)
Issued: 02:54 AM
Updated: 02:54 AM
 
KY
Dense Fog Advisory (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by PAH (KC)
Muhlenberg, Carlisle, Ballard, McCracken, Livingston, Crittenden, Lyon, Caldwell, Webster, Hopkins, Daviess, McLean, in KY
VTEC# 6 (EXA)
Issued: 02:54 AM
Updated: 02:54 AM
 
MD
Coastal Flood Warning (View Text) expires 10:00 AM by LWX ()
Anne Arundel, in MD
VTEC# 13 (CON)
Issued: 02:51 AM
Updated: 04:29 AM
 
MN
Frost Advisory (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by MPX (CTG)
Renville, McLeod, Sibley, Carver, Le Sueur, Goodhue, Blue Earth, Waseca, Steele, Faribault, Freeborn, Rice, Scott, Dakota, Nicollet, Kandiyohi, Meeker, Wright, Hennepin, Anoka, Ramsey, Washington, in MN
VTEC# 2 (CON)
Issued: 02:00 AM
Updated: 11:23 PM
 
MN
Freeze Warning (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by ARX (JSB)
Wabasha, Dodge, Olmsted, Winona, Mower, Fillmore, Houston, in MN
VTEC# 4 (CON)
Issued: 02:00 AM
Updated: 09:45 PM
 
WI
Freeze Warning (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by MPX (CTG)
St. Croix, Pierce, Dunn, Pepin, Chippewa, Eau Claire, in WI
VTEC# 4 (CON)
Issued: 02:00 AM
Updated: 11:23 PM
 
WI
Freeze Warning (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by ARX (JSB)
Buffalo, Trempealeau, in WI
VTEC# 4 (CON)
Issued: 02:00 AM
Updated: 09:45 PM
 
FL
Beach Hazard Statement (View Text) expires 03:00 AM by MLB ()
Coastal Volusia County, in FL
VTEC# 16 (NEW)
Issued: 01:13 AM
Updated: 01:13 AM
 
IL
Dense Fog Advisory (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by PAH (RJP)
Johnson, Hardin, Jefferson, Jackson, Williamson, Saline, Gallatin, Union, Pope, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, Perry, Franklin, Hamilton, White, in IL
VTEC# 6 (CON)
Issued: 12:34 AM
Updated: 02:54 AM
 
IN
Dense Fog Advisory (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by PAH (RJP)
Gibson, Pike, Posey, Vanderburgh, Warrick, Spencer, in IN
VTEC# 6 (CON)
Issued: 12:34 AM
Updated: 02:54 AM
 
KY
Dense Fog Advisory (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by PAH (RJP)
Union, Henderson, in KY
VTEC# 6 (CON)
Issued: 12:34 AM
Updated: 02:54 AM
 
MO
Dense Fog Advisory (View Text) expires 08:00 AM by PAH (RJP)
Cape Girardeau, Bollinger, Perry, Wayne, in MO
VTEC# 6 (CON)
Issued: 12:34 AM
Updated: 02:54 AM
 
PZ
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 11:00 AM by LOX ()
East Santa Barbara Channel from Pt. Conception to Pt. Mugu including Santa Cruz and Anacapa Islands, in PZ
VTEC# 60 (CON)
Issued: 11:00 PM
Updated: 11:23 PM
 
LS
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 11:00 AM by MQT ()
Grand Marais to Whitefish Point MI, Black River To Ontonagon MI, Saxon Harbor WI to Black River MI, Ontonagon to Upper Entrance of Portage Canal MI, in LS
VTEC# 67 (CON)
Issued: 04:00 PM
Updated: 02:55 AM
 
MD
Coastal Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by AKQ ()
Somerset, Wicomico, Dorchester, in MD
VTEC# 27 (CON)
Issued: 11:00 PM
Updated: 03:02 AM
 
LM
LH
LS
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by MQT (JSS)
Munising to Grand Marais MI, in LS
VTEC# 66 (CON)
Issued: 09:19 PM
Updated: 02:55 AM
 
AN
LH
LC
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 09:00 PM by DTX ()
Lake St. Clair Open Lake (U.S. Portion), in LC
VTEC# 47 (CON)
Issued: 08:16 PM
Updated: 02:38 AM
 
PH
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 11:00 AM by HFO ()
Kauai Windward Waters, Big Island Windward Waters, Maui County Leeward Waters, Oahu Windward Waters, Kauai Channel, Kauai Leeward Waters, Kauai Northwest Waters, in PH
VTEC# 25 (EXB)
Issued: 08:03 PM
Updated: 08:03 PM
 
LS
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by MQT ()
Marquette to Munising MI, Huron Islands to Marquette MI, in LS
VTEC# 67 (CON)
Issued: 08:00 PM
Updated: 02:55 AM
 
LS
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 11:00 AM by MQT (GS)
Manitou Island to Point Isabelle MI, Upper Entrance of Portage Canal to Eagle River MI, Eagle River to Manitou Island MI, in LS
VTEC# 66 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 PM
Updated: 02:55 AM
 
LS
AN
LS
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 05:00 AM by APX ()
Whitefish Bay (U.S. Portion)/Whitefish Point to Point Iroquois MI, in LS
VTEC# 41 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 PM
Updated: 02:10 AM
 
AN
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 09:00 AM by AKQ ()
York River, Currituck Sound, James River from Jamestown to the James River Bridge, Rappahannock River from Urbanna to Windmill Point, in AN
VTEC# 54 (CON)
Issued: 06:03 PM
Updated: 01:43 AM
 
PZ
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 06:00 AM by SEW ()
Central U.S. Waters Strait Of Juan De Fuca, East Entrance U.S. Waters Strait Of Juan De Fuca, in PZ
VTEC# 68 (CON)
Issued: 06:00 PM
Updated: 11:08 PM
 
AN
AN
LM
AN
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 06:00 AM by PHI ()
Delaware Bay waters south of East Point NJ to Slaughter Beach DE, Delaware Bay waters north of East Point NJ to Slaughter Beach DE, in AN
VTEC# 44 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 12:15 AM
 
OR
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 12:54 PM by BOI (TL)
Malheur, in OR
VTEC# 2 (NEW)
Issued: 12:54 PM
Updated: 12:54 PM
 
LM
LS
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 10:00 AM by DLH ()
Oak Point to Saxon Harbor WI, in LS
VTEC# 54 (CON)
Issued: 12:00 PM
Updated: 03:42 AM
 
AN
AN
AN
AN
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by LWX (DHOF)
Tidal Potomac from Key Bridge to Indian Head MD, in AN
VTEC# 79 (EXT)
Issued: 11:00 AM
Updated: 01:50 AM
 
NM
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 10:07 PM by ABQ (AB)
Rio Arriba, in NM
VTEC# 1 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 AM
Updated: 10:07 PM
 
FL
Rip Currents Statement (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by MFL ()
Coastal Palm Beach County, in FL
VTEC# 24 (EXT)
Issued: 07:00 AM
Updated: 01:40 AM
 
FL
Rip Currents Statement (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by MFL ()
Coastal Miami Dade County, Coastal Broward County, in FL
VTEC# 24 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 AM
Updated: 01:40 AM
 
LM
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 09:00 PM by IWX ()
New Buffalo MI to St Joseph MI, Michigan City IN to New Buffalo MI, in LM
VTEC# 32 (CON)
Issued: 10:00 PM
Updated: 04:24 AM
 
PH
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 11:00 AM by HFO ()
Maui County Windward Waters, Kaiwi Channel, Oahu Leeward Waters, Big Island Southeast Waters, Pailolo Channel, Alenuihaha Channel, Big Island Leeward Waters, Maalaea Bay, in PH
VTEC# 25 (EXT)
Issued: 05:00 PM
Updated: 08:03 PM
 
LM
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by GRR ()
Grand Haven to Whitehall MI, South Haven to Holland MI, Holland to Grand Haven MI, St Joseph to South Haven MI, Pentwater to Manistee MI, Whitehall to Pentwater MI, in LM
VTEC# 40 (CON)
Issued: 03:00 PM
Updated: 03:14 AM
 
LM
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 04:00 PM by GRB (Kurimski)
Rock Island Passage to Sturgeon Bay WI, Sturgeon Bay to Two Rivers WI, Two Rivers to Sheboygan WI, in LM
VTEC# 33 (CON)
Issued: 04:00 PM
Updated: 02:45 AM
 
LM
ID
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 02:43 PM by PIH (TW)
Bannock, in ID
VTEC# 2 (CON)
Issued: 01:44 PM
Updated: 02:43 PM
 
LM
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 10:00 PM by MKX (Wood)
North Point Light to Wind Point WI, Sheboygan to Port Washington WI, Port Washington to North Point Light WI, Wind Point WI to Winthrop Harbor IL, in LM
VTEC# 43 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 03:02 AM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by HGX (42)
Liberty, in TX
VTEC# 50 (EXT)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 09:03 PM
 
LM
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 08:00 PM by SHV (15)
Franklin, Morris, Titus, in TX
VTEC# 97 (EXT)
Issued: 10:36 PM
Updated: 09:22 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 03:50 PM by SHV (15)
Wood, in TX
VTEC# 101 (EXT)
Issued: 09:05 PM
Updated: 09:23 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by FWD (Sanchez)
Navarro, Henderson, in TX
VTEC# 44 (EXT)
Issued: 05:28 PM
Updated: 08:17 PM
 
AM
Small Craft Advisory (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by MHX ()
Coastal waters from Cape Hatteras to Ocracoke Inlet NC out 20 nm, Coastal waters from Oregon Inlet to Cape Hatteras NC out 20 nm, in AM
VTEC# 41 (EXT)
Issued: 10:00 AM
Updated: 02:51 AM
 
FL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by TAE (Godsey)
Levy, Dixie, in FL
VTEC# 61 (EXT)
Issued: 07:00 AM
Updated: 07:58 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:03 PM by HGX (Adams)
Liberty, Chambers, in TX
VTEC# 47 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 PM
Updated: 09:03 PM
 
NM
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 08:05 AM by ABQ (ANM)
Rio Arriba, in NM
VTEC# 1 (CON)
Issued: 03:07 PM
Updated: 08:05 AM
 
NV
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 03:52 PM by LKN (90)
Humboldt, in NV
VTEC# 13 (CON)
Issued: 03:16 PM
Updated: 03:52 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by LIX (KLG)
East Baton Rouge, Pointe Coupee, West Feliciana, in LA
VTEC# 51 (CON)
Issued: 08:43 PM
Updated: 07:22 PM
 
FL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:58 PM by TAE (73-YOUNG)
Gilchrist, Lafayette, Dixie, in FL
VTEC# 58 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 PM
Updated: 07:58 PM
 
FL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by JAX (NELSON)
Suwannee, Hamilton, in FL
VTEC# 27 (EXT)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 07:34 PM
 
FL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by JAX (CORLESS)
Suwannee, Gilchrist, in FL
VTEC# 26 (EXT)
Issued: 07:00 AM
Updated: 07:34 PM
 
FL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 AM by TAE (73-YOUNG)
Lafayette, Suwannee, in FL
VTEC# 60 (EXT)
Issued: 04:00 AM
Updated: 07:58 PM
 
FL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by TAE (73-YOUNG)
Lafayette, Suwannee, in FL
VTEC# 59 (EXT)
Issued: 07:00 PM
Updated: 07:58 PM
 
NV
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 03:50 PM by LKN (96)
Elko, in NV
VTEC# 11 (CON)
Issued: 08:41 AM
Updated: 03:50 PM
 
NV
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:00 PM by LKN (96)
Elko, in NV
VTEC# 5 (EXT)
Issued: 07:55 AM
Updated: 03:59 PM
 
NV
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 03:51 PM by LKN (96)
Lander, in NV
VTEC# 10 (CON)
Issued: 07:46 AM
Updated: 03:51 PM
 
NV
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 03:56 PM by LKN (96)
Elko, in NV
VTEC# 9 (CON)
Issued: 03:58 AM
Updated: 03:56 PM
 
GA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 10:36 AM by JAX (WOLF)
Echols, in GA
VTEC# 23 (CON)
Issued: 07:00 AM
Updated: 07:34 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by LIX ()
Washington, in LA
VTEC# 37 (CON)
Issued: 05:00 AM
Updated: 07:21 PM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by LIX ()
Pearl River, in MS
VTEC# 37 (CON)
Issued: 05:00 AM
Updated: 07:21 PM
 
NV
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 03:53 PM by LKN (96)
Elko, in NV
VTEC# 8 (CON)
Issued: 01:08 AM
Updated: 03:53 PM
 
AR
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:20 PM by SHV (NF)
Ashley, Union, in AR
VTEC# 73 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 AM
Updated: 09:20 PM
 
NV
Flood Advisory (View Text) expires 12:17 PM by LKN (96)
Elko, in NV
VTEC# 6 (CON)
Issued: 12:58 AM
Updated: 12:17 PM
 
FL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by TAE (Godsey)
Madison, Jefferson, Taylor, in FL
VTEC# 46 (CON)
Issued: 09:49 AM
Updated: 07:52 PM
 
FL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by TAE (Godsey)
Leon, Wakulla, in FL
VTEC# 45 (CON)
Issued: 09:12 AM
Updated: 07:50 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:19 PM by SHV (10)
Tyler, Polk, Trinity, Angelina, Houston, in TX
VTEC# 89 (CON)
Issued: 09:00 AM
Updated: 09:19 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 10:03 AM by JAN (7)
Franklin, in LA
VTEC# 84 (CON)
Issued: 08:12 AM
Updated: 10:03 AM
 
IL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:34 PM by LSX (Britt)
Clinton, in IL
VTEC# 14 (CON)
Issued: 06:36 AM
Updated: 07:34 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:08 PM by LCH ()
Orange, Newton, in TX
VTEC# 35 (CON)
Issued: 08:00 PM
Updated: 09:08 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:08 PM by LCH ()
Beauregard, Calcasieu, in LA
VTEC# 35 (CON)
Issued: 08:00 PM
Updated: 09:08 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:08 PM by LCH (Rua)
Rapides, in LA
VTEC# 30 (CON)
Issued: 04:38 PM
Updated: 09:08 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 06:08 AM by LCH ()
Vernon, Beauregard, in LA
VTEC# 33 (EXT)
Issued: 01:49 PM
Updated: 09:08 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 06:08 AM by LCH ()
Newton, in TX
VTEC# 33 (EXT)
Issued: 01:49 PM
Updated: 09:08 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:21 PM by SHV (33)
Cherokee, Angelina, Nacogdoches, in TX
VTEC# 95 (CON)
Issued: 01:45 PM
Updated: 09:21 PM
 
AR
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 PM by LZK (56)
Union, Calhoun, Bradley, in AR
VTEC# 25 (EXT)
Issued: 11:24 AM
Updated: 07:28 PM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by JAN (7)
Yazoo, in MS
VTEC# 88 (EXT)
Issued: 11:18 AM
Updated: 08:28 AM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 04:00 PM by JAN (7)
Warren, Hinds, in MS
VTEC# 70 (EXT)
Issued: 10:56 AM
Updated: 07:55 AM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 05:30 AM by JAN (7)
Yazoo, Madison, in MS
VTEC# 69 (EXT)
Issued: 10:31 AM
Updated: 09:02 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by SHV (10)
Houston, Trinity, Cherokee, Anderson, in TX
VTEC# 88 (CON)
Issued: 05:36 AM
Updated: 09:19 PM
 
KY
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 03:00 PM by PAH (DWS)
Union, in KY
VTEC# 10 (EXT)
Issued: 03:00 AM
Updated: 09:22 AM
 
IN
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 03:00 PM by PAH (DWS)
Posey, in IN
VTEC# 10 (EXT)
Issued: 03:00 AM
Updated: 09:22 AM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:19 PM by SHV (10)
Houston, Cherokee, Anderson, in TX
VTEC# 64 (CON)
Issued: 01:54 PM
Updated: 09:19 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:20 PM by SHV (NF)
Webster, in LA
VTEC# 67 (CON)
Issued: 11:39 AM
Updated: 09:20 PM
 
AR
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:20 PM by SHV (NF)
Columbia, in AR
VTEC# 67 (CON)
Issued: 11:39 AM
Updated: 09:20 PM
 
IN
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 05:48 PM by PAH (DWS)
Vanderburgh, Posey, in IN
VTEC# 11 (EXT)
Issued: 11:00 PM
Updated: 09:22 AM
 
KY
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 05:48 PM by PAH (DWS)
Henderson, Union, in KY
VTEC# 11 (EXT)
Issued: 11:00 PM
Updated: 09:22 AM
 
IL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 11:54 PM by PAH (DWS)
Hardin, Gallatin, in IL
VTEC# 9 (EXT)
Issued: 07:00 PM
Updated: 09:22 AM
 
KY
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 11:54 PM by PAH (DWS)
Crittenden, Union, in KY
VTEC# 9 (EXT)
Issued: 07:00 PM
Updated: 09:22 AM
 
IL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by ILX (Barnes)
Schuyler, Cass, Brown, Morgan, in IL
VTEC# 16 (EXT)
Issued: 01:00 PM
Updated: 08:11 PM
 
ID
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 02:40 PM by PIH (TAX)
Bannock, in ID
VTEC# 1 (CON)
Issued: 10:11 AM
Updated: 02:40 PM
 
IL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 01:00 AM by ILX (Barnes)
Mason, Cass, Fulton, in IL
VTEC# 14 (EXT)
Issued: 11:00 AM
Updated: 08:11 PM
 
IL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 02:30 AM by IND (CP)
Crawford, Lawrence, in IL
VTEC# 34 (CON)
Issued: 08:20 AM
Updated: 08:48 PM
 
IN
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 02:30 AM by IND (CP)
Knox, Sullivan, in IN
VTEC# 34 (CON)
Issued: 08:20 AM
Updated: 08:48 PM
 
FL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:34 PM by JAX (HESS)
Suwannee, Gilchrist, Columbia, in FL
VTEC# 20 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 AM
Updated: 07:34 PM
 
IL
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by IND (CP)
Crawford, Lawrence, in IL
VTEC# 32 (CON)
Issued: 09:45 PM
Updated: 08:48 PM
 
IN
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:00 PM by IND (CP)
Knox, Sullivan, in IN
VTEC# 32 (CON)
Issued: 09:45 PM
Updated: 08:48 PM
 
GA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 07:34 PM by JAX (DUBOIS)
Brantley, in GA
VTEC# 19 (CON)
Issued: 01:00 AM
Updated: 07:34 PM
 
TX
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:18 PM by SHV (20)
Wood, Smith, in TX
VTEC# 50 (CON)
Issued: 08:30 AM
Updated: 09:18 PM
 
MS
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 10:00 AM by LIX (KLG)
Hancock, Pearl River, in MS
VTEC# 33 (CON)
Issued: 11:08 AM
Updated: 07:21 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 10:00 AM by LIX (KLG)
St. Tammany, in LA
VTEC# 33 (CON)
Issued: 11:08 AM
Updated: 07:21 PM
 
LA
Flood Warning (View Text) expires 09:21 PM by SHV (20)
Webster, Bossier, in LA
VTEC# 19 (CON)
Issued: 09:28 PM
Updated: 09:21 PM
 
Download GIS shapefile of current warnings and/or GeoTiff of NEXRAD base reflectivity.

Notes:

  • This application is educational grade and should not be used operationally.
  • The status column is simply the status of the warning. The warning is in 'NEW' state until a SVS is issued, then it goes to 'CON' for continued.
  • NEXRAD composite is available since 1 Jan 1997.
  • Prior to the NWS adoption of VTEC, warnings were not expired nor canceled.
  • SVS updates were added in 2005.
  • LSR archive begins 1 Jan 2004.
  • Archive of watches begins 1 Jan 1997.