This page presents the raw observations of daily high and low temperature along with precipitation and snow when available. The dates shown are the date when the observation was reported. For observations made at 7 AM, this would be a for a 24 hour period up until that time and not for that local date. The timestamps shown are valid for the local timezone of that reporting station.
Hint: You should be able to
highlight the values in the table and then copy + paste these values into a
spreadsheet program like Excel. A
download interface does exist for these
observations.
| NWSLI: | Site Name: | Date: | Temp at Ob | Max Air Temp | Min Air Temp | Precip | Snowfall | Snow Depth | Snow Water Equiv |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3OI | LAMONI | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 37 | 39 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| 3SE | SPENCER 1 N | 14 Feb 2019 11PM | -2 | 25 | -3 | T | T | 7 | M |
| AAKI4 | AMES | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| ADXI4 | ADEL | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| AESI4 | AMES 5 SE | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | 29 | 29 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| AKRI4 | AKRON | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| AKYI4 | ANKENY | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| ALBI4 | ALBIA 3 NNE | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 37 | 41 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 3 | M |
| ALGI4 | ALGONA 3 W | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 24 | 24 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| ALRI4 | ALLERTON | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 37 | 39 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| ALXI4 | Waterloo NWS Snowfall | 14 Feb 2019 11PM | M | M | M | T | T | 8 | 1.1 |
| AMOI4 | Anamosa 3SSW | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | 34 | 34 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| AMSI4 | AMES 8 WSW | 14 Feb 2019 4PM | 18 | 37 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| ASNI4 | ALLISON | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| ATLI4 | ATLANTIC 1 NE | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 17 | 36 | 4 | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| AUDI4 | Audubon | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 26 | 33 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| BCNI4 | BEACONSFIELD | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 32 | 36 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| BEDI4 | BEDFORD | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| BLGI4 | BURLINGTON | 14 Feb 2019 5AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| BLKI4 | BLOCKTON | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| BLLI4 | BELLE PLAINE | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 34 | 34 | 6 | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| BLMI4 | BLOOMFIELD 1 WNW | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 37 | 41 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| BLVI4 | Bellevue LD 12 | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | 28 | 28 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| BNWI4 | BOONE | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 26 | 27 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| BRKI4 | BROOKLYN | 14 Feb 2019 12AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 9 | M |
| BTLI4 | BATTLE CREEK 3NE | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 21 | 30 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | M |
| BTNI4 | Brighton | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| BTTI4 | BRITT | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| CASI4 | CASCADE | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 33 | 36 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| CCTI4 | Central City | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| CGGI4 | COGGON | 14 Feb 2019 5AM | 31 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| CHRI4 | CHARITON 1 E | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 39 | 40 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| CINI4 | CARROLL | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 23 | 30 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| CIYI4 | Charles City | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 3 | 32 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| CKPI4 | CHEROKEE | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 24 | 27 | -3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| CLDI4 | CLARINDA | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 21 | 35 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| CLII4 | CLARION | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | 25 | 26 | -4 | 0 | M | M | M |
| CLNI4 | CLINTON NO 1 | 14 Feb 2019 6PM | 33 | 48 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| CLUI4 | CLUTIER | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 11 | M |
| CMBI4 | COLUMBIA | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| CMRI4 | Calmar | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| CNTI4 | CENTERVILLE | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 38 | 38 | 9 | 0 | M | M | M |
| COJI4 | COLUMBUS JUNCT 2 SSW | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| COOI4 | COON RAPIDS | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| CRCI4 | CRESCO 1NE | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 21 | 21 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| CRDI4 | CONRAD | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| CRNI4 | Corning | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 34 | 39 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| CRPI4 | CEDAR RAPIDS NO 1 | 14 Feb 2019 5PM | 27 | 45 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| CRTI4 | CRESTON 2 SW | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 31 | 37 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| DAKI4 | DAKOTA CITY | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 25 | 25 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| DCRI4 | DECORAH | 14 Feb 2019 4PM | 28 | 36 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| DEWI4 | DE WITT 4 S | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| DLDI4 | Dubuque L&D 11 | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | 31 | 31 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| DMX | Des Moines WFO | 14 Feb 2019 11PM | 4 | 39 | 4 | T | T | 5 | 0.7 |
| DNNI4 | DONNELLSON | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 39 | 39 | 12 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| DNSI4 | DENISON | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 28 | 30 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| DSXI4 | Des Moines NWS Snow | 14 Feb 2019 11PM | M | M | M | T | T | 2 | 0.4 |
| DUBI4 | Dubuque #3 | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | T | T | 6 | 0.7 |
| DVNI4 | Davenport 6N | 14 Feb 2019 11PM | 9 | 45 | 9 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| DWTI4 | DE WITT | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| EKRI4 | ELKADER 6SSW | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 23 | 24 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| ELDI4 | ELDORA | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 28 | 29 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| ELMI4 | ELMA | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| EMMI4 | EMMETSBURG | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 24 | 26 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| EOKI4 | Keokuk L&D 19 | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | 39 | 41 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| ESTI4 | ESTHERVILLE 4 E | 14 Feb 2019 10AM | 17 | 23 | -3 | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| EVYI4 | EVERLY 3 WNW | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 9 | M |
| FMBI4 | Ankeny 2 SE | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| FRFI4 | FAIRFIELD | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 36 | 36 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| FSCI4 | FOREST CITY 2 NNE | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 23 | 23 | -3 | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| FTMI4 | Fort Madison | 14 Feb 2019 11PM | 15 | 53 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | M |
| FULI4 | FULTON | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| FYTI4 | Fayette 3NNW | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | 28 | 28 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 16 | M |
| GLNI4 | GLENWOOD | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| GNDI4 | GRUNDY CENTER | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 30 | 30 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 13 | M |
| GRII4 | GRINNELL 3 SW | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 31 | 32 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| GRNI4 | GREENFIELD | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 34 | 39 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| GRWI4 | GARWIN | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| GTHI4 | GUTHRIE CENTER | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 25 | 33 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| GTTI4 | Guttenberg L & D 10 | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 20 | 23 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 9 | M |
| HAWI4 | HAWARDEN | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 22 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| HBTI4 | HUMBOLDT WATER PLANT | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| HLYI4 | HOLLY SPRINGS 1NW | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| HPTI4 | HAMPTON | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| HRCI4 | HARCOURT 2 N | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| HRFI4 | Hartford | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| HSII4 | HASTINGS 4 NE | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| HSTI4 | HOLSTEIN | 14 Feb 2019 10PM | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| ICYI4 | IOWA CITY | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 32 | 33 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| IDAI4 | INDIANOLA 4 W | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 34 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| IONI4 | Ionia 2W | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| IWAI4 | IOWA FALLS | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 28 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| JAMI4 | JAMAICA 3 S | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| JFFI4 | JEFFERSON 2 NW | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| KANI4 | Kanawha | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| KEQI4 | KEOSAUQUA | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 37 | 39 | 10 | 0 | 0 | T | M |
| KNXI4 | KNOXVILLE | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 38 | 39 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| KSLI4 | Kesley | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| LECI4 | LeClaire L&D 14 | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | 38 | 38 | 7 | 0 | M | M | M |
| LEMI4 | LE MARS | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 23 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| LKPI4 | LAKE PARK | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 23 | 24 | -4 | 0 | 0 | 13 | M |
| LMLI4 | LAKE MILLS | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| LOGI4 | LOGAN | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 15 | 32 | -2 | 0 | M | 4 | M |
| LORI4 | LORIMOR | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| LSXI4 | LITTLE SIOUX 2 NW | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 20 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| LWDI4 | LOWDEN | 14 Feb 2019 11PM | 7 | 48 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| MCLI4 | Monticello | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| MCTI4 | MUSCATINE | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 39 | 40 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| MCWI4 | Mason City | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 24 | 24 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0.9 |
| MFRI4 | MILFORD 4 NW | 14 Feb 2019 7PM | M | 23 | -8 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 12 | M |
| MHRI4 | MANCHESTER NO. 2 | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 32 | 32 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 9 | M |
| MKTI4 | MAQUOKETA 4 W | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 36 | 36 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| MPTI4 | MAPLETON NO. 2 | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 23 | 34 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | M |
| MROI4 | MARENGO | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| MSCI4 | MASON CITY #1 | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| MSHI4 | MARSHALLTOWN | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 29 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| MSNI4 | MASSENA | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| MSTI4 | MUSCATINE 2 N | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 36 | 37 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 | M |
| MTAI4 | MOUNT AYR | 14 Feb 2019 10AM | 38 | 38 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 3 | M |
| MXWI4 | MAXWELL | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| MZUI4 | MONTEZUMA 1 W | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| NENI4 | NORTH ENGLISH | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| NHPI4 | New Hampton | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 26 | 26 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| NHUI4 | NASHUA 2SW | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| NWDI4 | NORTHWOOD | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| NWTI4 | NEWTON | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 35 | 35 | 2 | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| OAKI4 | OAKLAND | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 31 | 35 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| OGDI4 | OGDEN | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| OLNI4 | OELWEIN 1E | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | 17 | 21 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| ORCI4 | ORANGE CITY | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| OSAI4 | Osage 1W | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 24 | 24 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 | M |
| OSEI4 | OSCEOLA | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 35 | 39 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | M |
| OSKI4 | OSKALOOSA | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 35 | 37 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| OTWI4 | Ottumwa | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| PEAI4 | PELLA 1 S | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| PERI4 | PERRY | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 29 | 30 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| PGHI4 | PRIMGHAR | 14 Feb 2019 4PM | 8 | 30 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| PKBI4 | PARKERSBURG | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| POCI4 | POCAHONTAS | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 24 | 25 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| PSTI4 | POSTVILLE | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 25 | 25 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 | M |
| PTRI4 | PETERSON | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| RADI4 | RATHBUN DAM | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 38 | 39 | 7 | 0.01 | M | 2 | M |
| RANI4 | RANDOLPH | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| RINI4 | RINGSTED | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| RKRI4 | ROCK RAPIDS | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 23 | 26 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| RKVI4 | ROCK VALLEY | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| RKWI4 | ROCKWELL CITY | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 26 | 26 | -4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| RMSI4 | REMSEN NO. 2 | 14 Feb 2019 11AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| ROKI4 | RED OAK | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 24 | 39 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| RWCI4 | ROCKWELL CITY NO. 2 | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| SACI4 | SAC CITY | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 24 | 24 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | M |
| SANI4 | St Ansgar | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 9 | M |
| SDHI4 | SHENANDOAH | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 27 | 40 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| SGYI4 | Sigourney | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 33 | 38 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| SHDI4 | SHELDON | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 25 | 29 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| SIBI4 | Sibley | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 23 | 26 | -3 | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| SIXI4 | SIOUX CENTER 2 SE | 14 Feb 2019 3PM | 11 | 29 | 10 | T | T | 4 | M |
| SLBI4 | STORM LAKE 2 E | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 1 | 24 | -1 | M | M | M | M |
| SLHI4 | Salem 1 S | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | M | M |
| SNBI4 | SANBORN | 14 Feb 2019 8AM | 22 | 29 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 | M |
| SNYI4 | STANLEY 4 W | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 30 | 30 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| SPRI4 | SPIRIT LAKE | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 23 | 23 | -5 | 0 | 0 | 9 | M |
| SPTI4 | Strawberry Point | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| STBI4 | STEAMBOAT ROCK | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| STYI4 | Story City | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | M | M | M | 0 | M | M | M |
| SWEI4 | SWEA CITY 4 W | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | 22 | 23 | -5 | 0 | 0 | 9 | M |
| SWHI4 | SWISHER | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| SXCI4 | SIOUX CITY HWY 77 BRG | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| SXGI4 | SIOUX CITY AIRPORT | 14 Feb 2019 6AM | 24 | 28 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | M |
| SXRI4 | SIOUX RAPIDS 4 E | 14 Feb 2019 10PM | 1 | 26 | 1 | T | T | 3 | M |
| TLDI4 | TOLEDO 3 N | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 32 | 32 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 | M |
| TREI4 | TRAER | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| TRPI4 | TRIPOLI | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 26 | 27 | -3 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| UBSI4 | Johnston | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| UNDI4 | UNDERWOOD | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 3 | M |
| VICI4 | VICKS CORNER-SPIRIT LAKE IOWA | 14 Feb 2019 11PM | -3 | 25 | -3 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| VNTI4 | VINTON | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 31 | 31 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | M |
| WACI4 | Waucoma 1WNW | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| WAUI4 | Waukon 3NNE | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| WCCI4 | Grimes 4 WSW | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| WEBI4 | WEBSTER CITY | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 26 | 27 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| WGCI4 | DES MOINES WAVELAND | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | M | M | M | 0 | 0 | 5 | M |
| WHTI4 | WASHTA | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 26 | 29 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| WKNI4 | Waukon 4SW | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 19 | 20 | 19 | M | M | M | M |
| WLBI4 | WILLIAMSBURG 3 SE | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 32 | 32 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 | M |
| WMTI4 | FORT DODGE 5 NNW | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 24 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | M |
| WSHI4 | WASHINGTON | 14 Feb 2019 7AM | 37 | 37 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | M |
| WTRI4 | WINTERSET 2 NNW | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
| ZRGI4 | ZEARING | No Observation Reported for 2019-02-14 | |||||||
Errors exist in this dataset and you should evaluate the observations before using...